The Pulitzer Prizes

The Pulitzer Prizes were set up by Columbia University in 1917 to reward excellence in journalism and the arts, initially funded by $2m left in the will of publisher Joseph Pulitzer specifically for such a purpose.
There are twenty-one prizes awarded each April, each of which comes with a prize of $10,000. Six of them are directly relevant to the book world: those for Fiction (originally Novel), Drama, Poetry, Biography & Autobiography, History and General Non-Fiction.
The prizes are held in high esteem around the world, with the Fiction Award as significant as the Nobel Prize for Literature in terms of the British reading public's interest. Recipients are chosen by an independent Board, who have also made the nominated finalists - essentially, the shortlists - public since 1980. They choose from entrants selected by a series of Committees.
There have been a number of multiple winners. Robert Frost won four times in the Biography category, while Nobel Laureate Eugene O'Neill matched this achievement in the Drama category. Thornton Wilder won in Drama twice and Fiction once, Robert Penn Warren won Poetry twice and Fiction once and Carl Sandburg also won Poetry twice as well as Biography once. William Faulkner, John Updike and Booth Tarkington all won twice in the Fiction category. Ten Pulitzer winners went on to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, including Toni Morrison, Saul Bellow and John Steinbeck.
The circumstances of 1981's Fiction winner are perhaps the most remarkable. John Kennedy Toole's A Confederacy of Dunces had been rejected by a number of editors shortly before the author's suicide in 1969. But his mother remained convinced of the quality of the manuscript and, enlisting the support of novelist Walter Percy (who was to write a foreword for the first edition), she finally saw it in print in 1980. Initially a cult classic, the award of the Pulitzer cemented its place in the canon of Southern literature as a picaresque masterpiece.
The biggest literary controversy occurred in 1974, when the Fiction Committee unanimously recommended Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow for the Prize, but the Board decided to make no award. Pynchon had already refused to accept the National Book Award for his novel.
In 1941, Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls had also received unanimous endorsement, but the board were persuaded by the President of Columbia University, who deemed the book offensive, not to make an award.
In 2012, three finalists were chosen but the judges were unable to reach a majority decision and so no winner was selected. It has been suggested that the judges were perplexed by the unconventional nature of what they had to choose from: in addtional to Karen Russell's debut novel Swamplandia!, they considered David Foster Wallace's The Pale King, which was completed by his editor after his death, and Denis Johnson's Train Dreams, originally published as a novella in 2002 but reissued as new in 2011.
Previous Winners
FICTION
2013: The Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson
2012: No award
2011: A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan
2010: Tinkers by Paul Harding
2009: Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout
2008: The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Diaz
2007: The Road by Cormac McCarthy
2006: March by Geraldine Brooks
2005: Gilead by Marilynne Robinson
2004: The Known World by Edward P Jones
2003: Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides
2002: Empire Falls by Richard Russo
2001: The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon
2000: Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri
1999: The Hours by Michael Cunningham
1998: American Pastoral by Philip Roth
1997: Martin Dressler by Steven Millhauser
1996: Independence Day by Richard Ford
1995: The Stone Diaries by Carol Shields
1994: The Shipping News by Annie Proulx
1993: A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler
1992: A Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley
1991: Rabbit at Rest by John Updike
1990: The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos
1989: Breathing Lessons by Anne Tyler
1988: Beloved by Toni Morrison
1987: A Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (currently out of print in the UK)
1986: Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry
1985: Foreign Affairs by Alison Lurie
1984: Ironweed by William Kennedy
1983: The Color Purple by Alice Walker
1982: Rabbit Is Rich by John Updike
1981: A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole
1980: The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer
Selected Fiction Winners before 1990
1976: Humboldt’s Gift by Saul Bellow
1963: The Reivers by William Faulkner 1961: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee
1953: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway
1940: The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck
1937: Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell
1932: The Good Earth by Pearl S Buck
1928: The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder
1921: The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton
POETRY
2013: Stag's Leap by Sharon Olds
2012: Life on Mars by Tracy K Smith
2011: The Best of It: New and Selected Poems by Kay Ryan
2010: Versed by Rae Armantrout
2009: The Shadow of Sirius by W S Merwin
2008: Time and Materials by Robert Hass
2008: Failure by Philip Schultz (no UK edition)
2007: Native Guard by Natasha Trethewey (no UK edition)
2006: Late Wife by Claudia Emerson
2005: Delights & Shadows by Ted Kooser (no UK edition)
2004: Walking to Martha's Vineyard by Franz Wright (no UK edition)
2003: Moy Sand and Gravel by Paul Muldoon
2002: Practical Gods by Carl Dennis (currently out of print in the UK)
2001: Different Hours by Stephen Dunn
2000: Repair by C K Williams (currently out of print in the UK)
Selected Other Poetry:
1997: Alive Together: New and Selected Poems by Lisel Mueller
1982: Collected Poems by Sylvia Plath
1976: Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror by John Ashbery
1955: Collected Poems by Wallace Stevens
BIOGRAPHY AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY
2013: The Black Count by Tom Reiss
2012: George F Kennan by John Lewis Gaddis
2011: Washington: A Life by Ron Chernow
2010: The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt by T J Stiles
2009: American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House by Jon Meacham
2008: Eden's Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and Her Father by John Matteson
2007: The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher by Debby Applegate (No UK edition)
2006: American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J Robert Oppenheimer by Kai Bird & Martin J Sherwin
2005: De Kooning: An American Master by Mark Stevens & Annalyn Swan (No UK Edition)
2004: Khrushchev: The Man and His Era by William Taubman
2003: Master of the Senate by Robert A Caro (No UK edition)
2002: John Adams by David McCullough
2001: W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 by David Levering Lewis (No UK edition)
2000: Vera by Stacy Schiff
Selected Other Biographies and Autobiographies
1997: Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt
1967: Mr Clemens and Mark Twain by Justin Kaplan
HISTORY
2013: Embers of War by Fredrik Logevall
2012: Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention by Manning Marable
2011: The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery by Eric Foner
2010: Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World by Liaquat Ahamed
2009: The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family by Annette Gordon-Reed
2008: What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848 by Daniel Walker Howe
2007: The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation by Gene Roberts & Hank Klibanoff (No UK Edition)
2006: Polio: An American Story by David M. Oshinsky
2005: Washington's Crossing by David Hackett Fischer
2004: A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration by Steven Hahn 2003: An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943 by Rick Atkinson
2002: The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America by Louis Menand
2001: Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation by Joseph J Ellis
2000: Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 by David M Kennedy
Selected Other History
1999: Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 by Edwin G Burrows & Mike Wallace
1995: No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II by Doris Kearns Goodwin
1973: People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization by Michael Kammen
GENERAL NON-FICTION
2013: Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America by Gilbert King
2012: The Swerve: How the Renaissance Began by Stephen Greenblatt
2011: The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer by Siddhartha Mukherjee
2010: The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy by David E. Hoffman
2009: Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II by Douglas A Blackmon (No UK Edition)
2008: The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939-1945 by Saul Friedländer
2007: The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 by Lawrence Wright
2006: Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya by Caroline Elkins (No UK edition)
2005: Ghost Wars by Steve Coll
2004: Gulag: A History by Anne Applebaum
2003: A Problem From Hell: America and the Age of Genocide by Samantha Power
2002: Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution by Diane McWhorter (No UK Edition)
2001: Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan by Herbert P Bix
2000: Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II by John W Dower
Selected Other General Non-fiction
1998: Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond
1985: The Good War: An Oral History of World War II by Studs Terkel
1980: Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas R Hofstadter
1979: Gandhi’s Truth by Erik H Erikson