Making Freedom Work: Free Women of Color in Antebellum New Orleans

Making Freedom Work tells the stories of five free women of color in antebellum New Orleans. The lives of Eulalie Mandeville, Henriette Delille, Marie Couvent, Cécille Bonille, and Marie Dolores Laveaux reveal the economic, legal, and cultural strategies free Black women used to move through a racially stratified, patriarchal slave society. Janet Morrison argues that free women of color could play a crucial role in the city's economic, religious, and communal life, even as they navigated and contested the restraints placed upon them by their race and gender. Foregrounding the voices of these women and their families, Morrison recovers stories that have long been marginalized in New Orleans history.

During a period of profound transformation in New Orleans—including French and Spanish colonial legacies, imposed American racial hierarchies after the Louisiana Purchase, and increased mobility within the Atlantic world—these five women found numerous ways to exercise their agency in a world that was not designed for them. They owned businesses, accumulated property, pursued litigation, engaged in philanthropy, and provided religious leadership, all while building durable networks of care, education, and spirituality. Avoiding the dangers of outright rebellion, the women employed strategies of gendered resistance—refusal, adaptation, collaboration—that often proved very successful, carving out space for survival in ways that confounded societal expectations of who they could be and what they could accomplish.

Morrison draws on a rich trove of archival sources such as censuses, city directories, notarial records, wills, successions, and court cases. Recognizing that these records were produced within white-controlled bureaucratic systems, Making Freedom Work attends closely to both their evidentiary value and their silences. It also confronts the complexities of slaveholding by free people of color, interpreting it as part of a broader struggle for security, status, and distance from enslavement, while emphasizing the uneven and contingent relationships between enslavers and the enslaved.

Making Freedom Work reintroduces these women—so often dismissed and devalued in their own time—as central historical actors, highlighting their influence as entrepreneurs, community builders, educators, and mothers of the next generation.